Current in vivo studies have shown that NMs—i.e., Cu-, TiO2-, and NiO-NPs—induce hepatic fibrosis via the activation of TGF-β/SMAD-dependent and TGF-β/SMAD-independent (i.e., MAPK/WNT, AKT/FOXO3) signaling [58, 60, 64, 66–68]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to Hepatic fibrosis.