TNFRSF1A and schistosomiasis: TNF-RI is associated with the development liver fibrosis in cases of schistosomiasis [6,42], however, younger children are more likely to experience nutritional morbidities associated with circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α [43], as clinically relevant fibrosis can take 5–15 years to develop [44].