TARDBP and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: The significantly enhanced TGFβ-RII mRNA levels in SOD1G93A, FUS, TDP-43, and C9ORF72 mice, and mechanistic insights from ALS in vivo animal models as well as post mortem tissue analysis from ALS patients [14] (Fig. 5A), all strengthen our hypothesis: NVP-13 treatment is able to ameliorate disease progression and induce potential repair mechanisms.