Historically, LFA-1 and Mac-1 have been considered pro-inflammatory for reduced expression or function of β2 integrins causes rare immunodeficiency syndromes, leukocyte adhesion deficiency syndromes (LAD types I-III), characterized by recurrent infections (12, 13). The gene discussed is ITGB2; the disease is Leukocyte-Adhesion Deficiency Syndrome.