In keeping with the diagnosis, fasting plasma glucose was elevated in the GDM women (5.5 ± 0.9 vs 4.7 ± 0.3, GDM vs ND, p=0.039), though insulin and HbA1c did not differ between groups, indicative of the recent onset of hyperglycemia in the GDM women. Here, INS is linked to gestational diabetes.