TNF and colitis: As depicted in Figure 5, the mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-18, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 was markedly (all p < 0.01) up-regulated in DSS-induced colitis group, while the IL-10 expression was significantly (p < 0.01) down-regulated.