TNF and COVID-19: S100A8/S100A9 can induce the secretion of multiple inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF, IL-6, and IL-1 via different signaling pathways.37 As blockade of IL-6 receptor by tocilizumab was reported as a therapeutic strategy for COVID-19 patients, inhibition of IL-6 secretion by blocking S100A8/S100A9 provides alternative treatment.