AKT1 and diabetes mellitus: While much work needs to further examine the relation of peripheral to brain insulin resistance and among persons with and without diabetes [2], this finding, coupled with an association of AKT1 with infarcts regardless of diabetes status and with prior work in this and other cohorts, suggests that brain insulin resistance may occur in persons without diabetes and further, that insulin resistance may relate to neuropathology independently of diabetes [30, 34].