TNF and inflammation: The causes of BPH/LUTS are multifactorial, and inflammation is one of the important factors that was proposed on observation of chronic inflammation coexisting with histologic changes in resected prostate specimen in BPH [32]. Prostate inflammation may be triggered by bacterial infection, followed by the secretion of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors including CD4, CD8, CD45, CD68, C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-6, and others [33–35].