In concordance with this published data, we detected in cirrhosis and HCC that with dysbiosis, a measurable shift occurs toward a systemic Th1/Th17 proinflammatory cytokine phenotype, characterised by increased levels of IFN- γ, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-17 amongst others. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is hepatocellular carcinoma.