TNF and viral infectious disease: As the inflammatory microenvironment resulting from the viral infection and mAb therapy might affect the antiviral immune response, we next assessed the phenotypic and functional activation of neutrophils and monocytes by viruses and ICs under an inflammatory environment (i.e. in the presence of proinflammatory/immunomodulatory cytokines, such as TNFα, IFN-I and IFNγ).