NPPB and neoplasm: BNP was used as an in situ vaccine in combination with radiation therapy for cancer treatment (Figure 13).[91] This approach would trigger the following four sequential steps: to produce tumor‐specific antigens by radiation therapy; to capture cancer neoantigens and enhance the uptake of antigens in DCs by BNP; to initiate the anti‐tumor T‐cell response; and finally to activate both innate and adaptive immunity.