In preclinical studies, an increased production of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1β has been associated with a robust activation of glial cells in the DA-denervated striatum of 6-OHDA-infused hemi-parkinsonian rats that developed dyskinesia after L-DOPA treatment (Barnum et al., 2008; Bortolanza et al., 2015; Mulas et al., 2016). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and drug-induced dyskinesia.