In contrast, several other studies demonstrate that PRS models exhibit superior performance to APOE genotype for predicting AD or associated cognitive states as indicated by significant associations between AD and PRSs that do not include APOE genotype (Sabuncu et al., 2012; Xiao et al., 2015; Leonenko et al., 2019a,b; Zhang et al., 2019) or PRS results after controlling for APOE genotype (Tosto et al., 2017; Escott-Price et al., 2019b). This evidence concerns the gene APOE and Alzheimer disease.