Consistent with human GBM cell lines, CM from GL261 stimulated macrophages (Mφ-GL261) which in turn upregulated expression of VCAM1 and ICAM1 but not VEGF compared to macrophages conditioned with normal mouse astrocytes (Mφ-NMA) (Fig. 5c, Additional file 1: Figure s4). This evidence concerns the gene VCAM1 and glioblastoma.