TNF and glioblastoma: Next to validate the effects of TNFα on EC activation, we treated human cerebral endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3) with recombinant human TNFα and found that it induced a statistically significant upregulation of VCAM1, ICAM1, CXCL5, and CXCL10 and no upregulation of VEGFA, similar to the effects seen with Mφ-GBM (Figs. 3d, 1b, Additional file 1: Figure s1).