VCAM1 and central nervous system cancer: To investigate the correlation of VCAM1 expression and glioma grades, we analyzed a cohort of IDH-wildtype(wt) human grade IV (GBM) (n = 14) and lower grade (LGG, grade II and III) glioma samples (n = 10) using dual immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for the endothelial marker CD31, and endothelial activation marker VCAM1.