BIRC3 and bacterial infectious disease: Cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein (cIAP) 1 and cIAP2, members of the IAP family, act as E3 ligases and modulators of the NLRP3 inflammasome.236,237 Upon overexpression of cIAP1 or cIAP2 in macrophages, the levels of IL-1β and pyroptotic cell death are increased in response to inflammasome activators or bacterial infections.