INS and Alzheimer disease: Os-pep treatment did not upregulate the p-IRS-1Tyr 632 and p-PI3K/Akt/GSK3β (Ser 9) pathways in human APPswe/ind-transfected neuronal SH-SY5Y cells with AMPK knockdown using AMPK siRNA, suggesting that Os-pep treatment plays a key role in triggering AdipoR1 activation and downstream p-AMPK signaling and, consequently, in the regulation of insulin signaling in AD models (Fig. 4d).