ADIPOQ and Insulin resistance: Most importantly, in this study, Os-pep, as an adiponectin-mimetic nonapeptide that functions as a ligand for AdipoR1 to trigger AdipoR1/AMPK signaling, subsequently decreased neuronal insulin resistance and increased pre- and postsynaptic protein markers as well spine morphogenesis in the hippocampal neuronal CA1 region of Adipo−/− and AβO mice.