INS and Insulin resistance: Fasting insulin levels were elevated in IIH (IIH 18.1 ± 13.3 mIU/L vs. controls 12.1 ± 6.7 mIU/L, Mann-Whitney U test, U = 1421, P = 0.0025, Figure 1B), with markers of insulin resistance elevated in IIH compared with controls (HOMA2-IR, 1.97 ± 1.44 vs. 1.33 ± 0.74; P = 0.0030, Figure 1C), higher β cell function in IIH (HOMA2-%B scores of 163.6 ± 76.4 vs. 128.6 ± 48.7; P = 0.0097, Figure 1D), and lower insulin sensitivity in IIH (HOMA2-%S scores of 72.4 ± 45.5 vs. 131.6 ± 153.3; P = 0.0030, Figure 1E), and these features are associated with a progression to T2D (15).