LEP and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: In the study cohort, we demonstrated elevated fasted serum leptin (IIH 79.5 ± 30.4 vs. controls 63.5 ± 14.9 ng/mL, Welch’s t test t63.09 = 3.059; P = 0.003, Figure 3A) in patients with IIH compared with patients with obesity (matched sex and BMI) (Supplemental Figure 1).