Thus, in melanoma patients, immune-enhanced PDO cell viability was associated with treatment response to ICI, indicating that PDO-immune co-cultures drug screen results correlated with treatment response, while in CRC patients receiving neoadjuvant immunotherapy, the IFN-ƴ production by CD-8+ T-cells in co-culture with PDOs did not predict clinical response. The gene discussed is IFNA1; the disease is colorectal carcinoma.