In addition to this genetic inconsistency between the generated tumoroids and the parental tumor tissues, immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis indicated that the expression pattern of lung cancer biomarkers (e.g., NKX2-1/TTF-1) in the generated tumoroids were not consistent with that of the parental tumor tissues (Supplementary Fig. 2c). Here, TTF1 is linked to lung cancer.