HLA-G and acute kidney injury: Traditional urinary tubular biomarkers include α1-microglobulin, β2-microglobulin (b2-MG), retinol-binding protein (RBP), and N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase (NAG), whereas emerging urinary tubular markers such as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) have been used to detect acute kidney injury (AKI)19.