Furthermore, CEL-RNPs and CEL-PRNPs (in the presence of MMP9) also triggered the higher rates of apoptosis among OCs and inflammatory macrophages derived from patients with late-stage RA, when compared with CEL-NPs and CEL-PRNPs (in the absence of MMP9) (Fig. 4e, f). The gene discussed is MMP9; the disease is rheumatoid arthritis.