Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), interleukin 8 (IL-8), osteopontin (OPN) and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP 1) are upregulated upon renal tubular injury with increased urinary concentrations found in AKI of various etiologies in both humans and dogs [27–32]. Here, HAVCR1 is linked to acute kidney injury.