Increases in the urinary AKI biomarkers KIM-1, GGT, NGAL, IL-8, OPN, MCP-1 and albumin were indicative of renal tubular injury in dogs 12–36 h after envenomation by V.berus in this study, although further work is needed to ascertain the specificity of IL-8, NGAL, OPN and MCP-1. Here, LCN2 is linked to acute kidney injury.