NPPA and cardiac hypertrophy: Compared with sham mice, TAC 4W mice showed prominent cardiac hypertrophy, as measured by increased HW/BW (Figure 1J), inner dimension (Figures 1K,L), LV wall thickness (Figures 1M,N), and fibrosis (Figures 1D,E,P–Q), enhanced levels of reprogramming of fetal genes ANP and BNP (Figures 1R,S), and augmentation of cardiomyocyte size (Figures 1A–C,O).