This clinical experience, together with the lack of clinical activity of anti-PD-1 in NHL (108) and CLL (5), has highlighted the need to incorporate checkpoint blockade therapies into more powerful combinations to unleash the power of anti-tumor immune cells, with potential therapeutic partners including CELMoDs and immunomodulatory drugs, CAR T cells and bispecific antibodies (Figure 3). The gene discussed is PDCD1; the disease is neoplasm.