In addition, we suggest that the initial innate immune response not only primes the immune system for hyperinflammation induced by emergent adaptive immune responses but also exerts an immunomodulatory effect on those adaptive immune responses resulting in a Th1-skewed CD4+ T cell response against mycobacteria in mycobacterial IRIS and a SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody response with pro-inflammatory characteristics, arising from extra-follicular B cell differentiation promoted by MAIT cell activation, in COVID-19. Here, CD4 is linked to COVID-19.