In the context of liver diseases, cytokines have been assigned fundamental properties reflecting common function, including proinflammatory cytokines (e.g. IL‐1α, IL‐1β, TNF‐α, and IL‐2), immunoregulatory cytokines (e.g. IFN-γ), and anti-inflammatory cytokines (e.g. IL-10 and IL-4) (49). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is liver disorder.