In addition, low concentrations of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ) have been noted in the colon cells of UC patients (Scaioli et al., 2017), and PPAR-γ suppresses colitis by negatively regulating nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) (Dubuquoy et al., 2003), this finding suggests that there is an important causal relationship between UC and NF-κB-mediated inflammatory pathways. Here, PPARG is linked to colitis.