TNF and infection: Although the mRNA levels of NF-κBp65, IL-1β, and TNF-α in DHBE were increased significantly after infection with IAV, this effect was reduced significantly by sh-TUG1 (Supplementary Figure S2); consistent with this result, the protein expressions of phospho-NF-κBp65, IL-1β, and TNF-α were also reduced significantly by sh-TUG1 (shown in Figures 3E–H).