KEAP1 and gallbladder cancer: ii) In gallbladder cancer, one study found that atypical protein kinase Cι (aPKCι) can promote gallbladder tumorigenesis and chemoresistance of anticancer agent gemcitabine by competing with Nrf2 for binding to Keap1, implying that inhibiting the aPKC1-Keap1-Nrf2 axis might overcome drug resistance for the treatment of gallbladder cancer (Tian et al., 2019).