Moreover, for the venoms of the Russell’s viper17 and the honeybee,18,19 we17,18 and others19 showed that subcutaneous sublethal injections of venom induce a type 2 immune response associated with the production of specific IgEs, and that such IgEs and IgE effector cells can play important roles in acquired immunity against subsequent exposure to potentially lethal amounts of the venom17,18 or one of its constituents.19 Yet the specific identity of MC-associated defenses against BV remained unclear. This evidence concerns the gene IGHE and bacterial vaginosis.