APP and Mental deterioration: Chronic exposure of rats to acrolein has been reported to result in mild cognitive decline with neuronal loss and activation of astrocytes in the hippocampus; these researchers also observed upregulation of cortical levels of β-secretase (BACE-1, the enzyme catalyzing formation of Aβ from APP) and downregulation of levels of α-secretase [A disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 10; (ADAM-10), responsible for production of a non-amyloidogenic peptide fragments from APP] in the hippocampus and cortex (Huang et al. 2013).