This study aimed to analyze tumor PD-L1 expression, serum exosomal PD-L1, and CD8+ TILs to investigate anti-PD-1 response and clinicopathological outcomes in NSCLC. One hundred twenty patients with stage I–III NSCLC were enrolled, and serum samples collected during the initial surgery were pooled. Here, CD8A is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.