We further assessed changes in CagA activity dependent on T-repeat length of hpnc4160. Western blot analysis showed that 48 out of 50 strains recovered from rodents infected with ATCC 43504 at 8 weeks post infection expressed VirB7 (TFSS protein) and retained the ability to translocate CagA into host epithelium (Supplementary Fig. 5h, i). Here, S100A8 is linked to infection.