Although transcriptional factors such as IRFs are the crucial transcription factors that control expression of IFN, with a viral infection, and NF-kB regulates the pro-inflammatory cytokines and type 1 IFNs during microbial infection, other cellular factors such as adaptors (MAVS, TRIF, TRAF3/TRAF6, MyD88) and downstream kinases such as IKK-e/TBK or IKB upstream of IRFs or NF-kB are also important host factors enable transcriptional activation of IRFs and NF-kB. Here, MYD88 is linked to viral infectious disease.