TLR4 and viral infectious disease: Viral infection triggers the activation of innate immunity pathways, including the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway, the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway, Toll pathway, and immune deficiency (Imd) pathway (Lemaitre and Hoffmann, 2007; Fragkoudis et al., 2008; Xi et al., 2008; Paradkar et al., 2012; Goic et al., 2016; Angleró-Rodríguez et al., 2017), and leads to the transcription of genes responsible for antiviral responses.