TSC1 and lip and oral cavity carcinoma: Moreover, in both animal and cell culture models, fenofibrate shows anti-oral cancer effects in restraining the process of preneoplastic lesion to oral squamous cell carcinoma, downregulating mTOR activity via TSC1/2-dependent signaling by triggering AMPK and suppressing Akt, and adjusting Warburg effect to mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation to control energy production approach so as to repress proliferation of oral cancer cells and induction of metabolic reprogramming (37).