REN and TCF12-related craniosynostosis: Considering the high prevalence of CRS-3, intensive research has been initiated to explore the molecular basis of CRS-3, and thus several theoretical hypotheses have been proposed (Clementi et al., 2015; Di Lullo et al., 2017, 2019), including oxidative stress, inflammation response, hemodynamic abnormalities, and activation of the sympathetic system/renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system.