Enhanced MAdCAM levels are likely to facilitate MAdCAM-1 signaling (16) that promotes HIV infection and could drive T cell expansion and differentiation (24, 57) that may in turn lead to enhanced inflammation and a further increase in sMAdCAM-1 levels, thus propagating a continuous cycle of stimulation leading to chronic inflammation unless countered by anti-inflammatory molecules like TGF-β1. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is HIV infectious disease.