PPARD and diabetes mellitus: Within the peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) protein family of transcription factors that regulate lipid metabolism, PPARα is activated by fibrates, a class of lipid-lowering drugs (87). PPARβ/δ contributes to AMPK signaling in both dyslipidemia and DM (88), as PPARβ/δ increases AMPK levels in mouse liver (89), and synergistically activates gene expression alongside AMPK in mouse skeletal muscle, resulting in a cooperative activity that augments glucose utilization (88).