TNF and coinfection: This study detected the expression levels of cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-α, and IFN-β and found that after the viral infection, the expression levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and IFN-α in the co-infection groups were significantly enhanced in contrast to the group infected with PPRV alone.