Another group of 30 histone-related genes were upregulated in AF, including histone-lysine N-methyltransferase (n = 13), H2A (n = 4), H2B (n = 1), H3 (n = 3), H4 (n = 1), histone acetyltransferase (n = 2), histone chaperone (n = 1), set1/Ash2 histone methyltransferase complex (n = 1), histone RNA hairpin-binding protein (n = 1), histone acetyltransferase (n = 2), histone deacetylase (n = 1), indicating the potential chromatin regulation and DNA strand compacting during the oogenesis and cellular development of developing larvae contained within the reproductive tract of the adult female. Here, PRDM9 is linked to atrial fibrillation.