In a study by Ieronimakis et al. overexpression of Tgfβ1 ligand in endothelial cells stimulated coronary adventitial cells via the Tgfβ pathway to become fibrotic and produce type I collagen, resulting in perivascular fibrosis [215], which shows that targeting the TGFβ pathway in either skeletal or cardiac muscles could be a viable signaling-based therapeutic strategy in DMD. Here, TGFB1 is linked to Duchenne muscular dystrophy.