AFP and hepatocellular carcinoma: As shown in Fig. 2d, Supplementary Fig. 1, and Supplementary Table 1, in the subgroup with serum AFP 20–400 ng/mL, AFP RNAscope was confirmed to be a useful marker for the detection of HCC (AUC = 0.800, sensitivity = 60.0%, and specificity = 100% in the training cohort; AUC = 0.802, sensitivity = 60.4%, and specificity = 100% in the validation cohort).