INS and Insulin resistance: We also found some suggestion of higher insulin resistance [insulin levels % difference (95% CI) = 11.5 (−0.40, 25.0) μU/mL and HOMA-IR (homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance) % difference (95% CI) = 9.1 (−2.30, 21.8) U] in adolescents born by cesarean section compared to those born vaginally.