Several evidences indicate that the pattern and balance of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-18, IL-23 and TNF-α, among others, play a crucial role shaping protumor and antitumor immunity and thereby the development of tumorigenesis63, as reflected in the differential tumor phenotype of p53 KO and HEM mice. Here, TNF is linked to neoplasm.