TNF and gastroenteritis: Under immune stress, excessive secretion of inflammatory cytokines in the immune system, such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), leads to damage of intestinal structure, digestion, absorption, and barrier function, thus increasing the risk of intestinal diseases such as intestinal inflammation and diarrhea (4, –, 8).