A nested case-controlled study using a large real-world population-based dataset exhibited that low serum TGF-β1 concentrations predict death from HCC, with a 160% increase in the risk per one SD decrease in the TGF-β1 concentrations [62], This association remained statistically significant even after adjusting for confounding factors and in a sensitivity analysis restricted to participants who survived for at least five years after the baseline survey, effectively eliminating the possibility that these patients had undiagnosed HCC at the baseline survey. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and hepatocellular carcinoma.