Checkpoint inhibitor-based immunotherapies that target cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4) or the programmed cell death 1 (PD1) pathway have achieved impressive success in the treatment of different cancer types, but only a subset of patients derive clinical benefit [63]. TGF-β signaling pathway participated in cancer immune escape and ICI resistance. This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and cancer.