IL1B and bacterial infectious disease with sepsis: We, and others, have shown that serum levels of immune biomarkers, including interferon-gamma (IFNγ), interleukin (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17) and tissue necrosis factor (TNF), differentiate between patients with SAB who developed persistent bacteremia or died compared to those with prompt bacterial clearance and survived [4–9].