On a similar note, many host factors and signaling pathways (PI3K/AKT/mTOR, AMPK, Ca2+/CaM, LD biogenesis, endosomal acidification, MRN/ATM/Chk2, ubiquitin-proteasome and SUMOylation system, purine/pyrimidine biosynthesis, Nrf2/ARE signaling, regulators of IFN signaling) are involved in regulating the infection cycles of viruses other than RV; targeting of such determinants, therefore, has broad antiviral (and sometimes even antimicrobial) relevance. Here, IFNA1 is linked to infection.